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How Can You Become A Research Paper Writer?

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Ethics in Business Conceptual Analysis Essay - 275 Words

Ethics in Business: Conceptual Analysis (Essay Sample) Content: Ethics in Business: Conceptual AnalysisGrade CourseTutorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Name(21, November 2013)Ethics in Business: Conceptual AnalysisBusiness ethics refer to ethical principles that those in business environment must adhere to. Practitioners in the corporate world should follow a certain set of professional standards in the daily conduct in business. This conceptual analysis will delve into business ethics by using three articles. These articles are Franckeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Bringing Ethics Back to Business through Effective Management, Wayneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s A Promise to Be Ethical in an Era of Immorality, and Harrison and Wicksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ New Ways of Measuring Company Performance. The paper will code for both existence and frequency of ethics concept in the three articles. Key words in the analysis are: ethics, school, values, corporate, and code of conduct.Franckne (2012) argues that the key to entrenching ethics and values in a business is effective management. She cites exten sively from Barclays rigging scandal to show that the top management must embody the values that an organization espouses. In an interesting twist of events, Bob Diamond, the CEO of Barclays, quit his position only to be replaced by the bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s chairman who had resigned a day earlier. This type of succession diminishes public and stakeholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ confidence in the company. It casts aspersions on the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s commitment to principles of ethical professionalism. Banking is a financial institution underpinned on trust. If the top management does not adhere to set values, it is unlikely that junior staff will feel compelled to do the same. Franckne (2012) underscores the importance of effective management in entrenching business ethics.It is difficult for business to uphold professional ethics in the face of high financial rewards and pressure from stakeholders. Pressure creates a confusing state that makes fidelity to corporate ethics untenable. When corporat es lack the requisite tools to assess suitability of applicants for certain positions, it becomes hard to get the right person for the job. Additionally, lack of proper checks and balances at the top level leads to complacency. It thus becomes easy for managers to ignore professional standards with no fear of consequences. This lack of accountability has also rocked the media and pharmaceutical industry. The management has repeatedly failed to adhere to strong ethical standards. Junior staffs therefore lack an example to emulate. This has led to decline of trust for big business from the public (Franckne, 2012).Wayne (2009) propounds on the role of education in entrenching business ethics. Business schools should formulate an oath that binds against greed and corruption. She cites Harvard Business School that has a MBA oath for its graduates. The oath is a promise by the students that they will "act responsibly, ethically, and refrain from advancing their own narrow ambitions" (Wayn e, 2009). The pursuit of money should not override the practice of ethical principles. An effective curriculum should entrench values that view business, not just as money making enterprise, but also an integral part of the society. Businesses must go beyond the routine corporate social responsibility activities to engage the society more constructively and ethically.Columbia Business School also runs a similar model. The school has a code that all students must pledge before graduating. The code is student-driven. Students engage in corporate social responsibilities as soon as they enroll in the school. The underlying philosophy is to make students view the MBA program as a tool to engage with the society and not as a pathway to riches. Unlike in the past where ethics course was taught merely as a subject in class, students now have an opportunity to practice it. This helps in inculcating values to the learners at an early stage. Many corporates engage in corporate social responsi bility to enjoy legitimacy from communities within which they operate. Wayne (2009) argues that modern corporates must practice CSR activities as way of demonstrating their values to the community.Harrison and Wicks (2013) argue that business should reexamine their measurement of performance. Ethical performance measurement should constitute an integral part of business performance appraisal. Financial metrics are incomplete and unreliable as they do not create new value to stakeholders (Harrison and Wicks, 2013). Corporates that perform well have a strong value system. Performance measurement should focus on stakeholders and the values that they seek from a corporate.The first yardstick, according to Harrison and Wicks (2013) is to assess the utility that stakeholders associate with goods and services. A corporate should endeavor to provide value that supersedes the utility of a good or a service. Similarly, a corporate must ensure that all stakeholders get fair and just treatment as a component of business ethics. Another important aspect of business ethics is association with affiliates that stakeholders deem as upholding desired values. Harrison and Wicks (2013) aver that non-financial aspects of performance measurement encourage open communication and enhance coordination. Corporates should therefore ensure that they incorporate stakeholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ perception of their business as an evaluation metric.Franckne (2012) article is an indictment to top managers that fail to embody and entrench strong ethical values in their organizations. The article repeats the word "management" and "code of conduct" many times to emphasis that effective management is the panacea to lack of professional ethics in companies. When the leadership fails to adhere to the code of conduct, junior staffs are unable to differentiate right from wrong. The result is a decline in public trust for the organization. Franckne (2012) cites CMI, a corporate that upholds high professional standards. Members at CMI commit to uphold integrity and professionalism by signing up a code of conduct and ethics. She uses the example at CMI to underscore the necessity of excellence in management. Espousing and practicing acceptable values is not a mere CSR activity. Rather, individuals should take it upon themselves to embody and practice corporate values. Business ethics play an important role in ensuring that a corporate maintains integrity and legitimacy.Wayne (2009) makes a valid argument that ethical values are better inculcated in schools. When students practice business ethics in school before employment, it becomes natural for them to embody the same values in a corporate set up. One may argue that different corporates embody different values and ethical principles. As truthful as it is, there...

International Sale Of Goods ( Cisg ) Essay - 1070 Words

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Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms as an Anti-War...

A Farewell to Arms as an Anti-War Novel There are indications in each of the novel’s five books that Ernest Hemingway meant A Farewell to Arms to be a testament against war. World War One was a cruel war with no winners; †War is not won by victory† (47). Lieutenant Frederic Henry, the book’s hero and narrator, experiences the disillusionment, the hopelessness and the disaster of the war. But Henry also experiences a passionate love; a discrepancy that ironically further describes the meaninglessness and the frustration felt by the soldiers and the citizens. In Book I, the army is still waiting for action, and the world is one of boredom with men drinking to make time go by and whoring to get women. War itself is a male game; †no†¦show more content†¦There were many words that you could not stand to hear and finally only the names of places had dignity. Certain numbers were the same way and certain dates and these with the names of the places were all you could say and have them mean anything. Abstact words such as glory, honour, courage, or hallow were obscene beside the concrete names of villages, the numbers of roads, the names of rivers, the numbers of regiments, and the dates.† This quotation illustrates the great turning point in Henry’s idea about heroism and the meaning of war. Further desillusionment and chaos arise in consequence of the army’s withdrawal as the Austrian and German troops break through the Italian lines. Henry shoots one of his own men, and he himself is mistakenly seized as a German foreigner. Henry manages to escape execution, and now his ’separate peace’ begins: †Anger was washed away in the river along with any obligation. (†¦) I was not against them. I was through. I wished them all the luck. (†¦) But it was not my show any more† (224). In Book IV Henry, in danger as a deserter and a fugitive, together with Catherine, rows by night thirty-five kilmetres into the neutrality of Switzerland. The journey is long and painful for Henry, but all the time there is hope and longing for the new peaceful life to begin. Catherine is pregnantShow MoreRelatedHemingway’s, A Farewell to Arms: Does The Film Do Justice To The Novel?851 Words   |  4 PagesA Farewell to Arms, published in 1929, is a classic short story written by Ernest Hemingway about the hardships and cruelties of love and war. 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This style includes basic sentence structure with less adjectives, deeper meaning behind the simplicity, useRead More Catherine as Code Hero in Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms3316 Words   |  14 PagesCatherine as Code Hero in A Farewell to Arms      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the last book of A Farewell to Arms, when the pregnant Catherine Barkley is having painful contractions, Frederic Henry, the narrator and protagonist of the novel, reminds his wife that she is a brave good girl (FTA 313). A day later, after undergoing a caesarian section and giving birth to a stillborn baby boy, Catherine proves just how brave she is; though she knows she is dying, she still has the dignity and strength to acceptRead MoreA Farewell Of Arms, And The Sun Also Rises, By Ernest Hemingway2276 Words   |  10 Pages In A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, and The Sun Also Rises, Ernest Hemingway uses damaged characters to show the unglamorous and futile nature of war and the effects it has on people. 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Halliday, who sees Jake Barnes as adopting a kind of desperate caution as his modus vivendi. Halliday concludes that the movement of the novel is a movement of progressive emotional insularity and that the novels theme is one of moral atrophy. [Hemingways Narrative PerspectiveRead Morewisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 Pagesmeans of survival in a threatening world. It demands that we reckon with the realities of human nature and the world without falling into grimness and despair.† Roger Shattuck, The Banquet Years: The Origins of the Avant-Garde in France—1885 to World War I, rev. ed. (1968), 248. â€Å"Humor is, in fact, a prelude to faith; and laughter is the beginning of prayer. . . . The saintliest men frequently have a humorous glint in their eyes. They retain the capacity to laugh at both themselves and at others.

Human Body Fact Sheet Essay Example For Students

Human Body Fact Sheet Essay The three major jobs our skelton does are:Protects our vital organs. Lets us move because our bones are attached to our muscles. Without bones we would be blobs of blood and muscle. A baby has 350 bones. An adult has 206 bones. A baby has more bones than a adult because when you grow your bonesattach. Our body takes in oxygen when we breath. There are small air balloons in our lungs called alveolies. Blood cells turn red when they pick up oxygen from the alveolies. The diaphram is the muscle that controls the breathing process. The heart is behind the ribcage between the lungs. Blood leaving the heart travels in arteries and blood coming to the hearttravels in veins. 5 million blood cells in one drop of blood. Blood cells live 4 months. Our digestive system is 9 meters long. Our body produces 1.7 litres of saliva each day.

McDonald’s At the Face of the Competitive Challenges in HRM Essay Example

McDonald’s: At the Face of the Competitive Challenges in HRM Essay McDonalds proclaims itself as the worlds community restaurant and is proud of their long-standing commitment to a workforce that values diversity. McDonald’s believe in developing and maintaining a diverse workforce that will strengthen the McDonalds system (McDonald’s Company Website).Recruitment at McDonalds is usually the same process in most countries. The applicant fills in an application form and, if successful, will be invited for an interview. Until the 1970s, the corporation routinely put applicants through a half-hour lie detector test in some US restaurants, largely to determine whether or not they had any sympathy for trade unions. This practice was only ended after threats of legal action and changes in American labor law (Vidal, 1997). At present, it appears that having the right attitude is the most important attribute to obtain employment at McDonalds. As a global company, McDonald’s successfully fulfilled the six competitive challenges facing human resources management departments: Going Global, Embracing Technology, Managing Change, Developing Human Capital, Responding to the Market, and Containing Costs. In an article entitled McDonalds Serves up HR Excellence, it claimed the food chain excelled at pulling potential employees into its company: Satisfying the six competitive challenges that human resources management, the company has attracted one-eighth of the American work force (Flynn, 1996). Thus, it is safe to say that McDonald’s fulfilled these six challenges in their strategies in human resources management. In a nutshell, McDonalds basic HR philosophy works in most operations are always open to change.   However, the prime reason why McDonalds HR is so successful because it always remembers its people. McDonald’s goal is to ensure that their work force is committed and the difference between McDonal d’s among other folks is about the commitment that they are able to engender through their people. We will write a custom essay sample on McDonald’s: At the Face of the Competitive Challenges in HRM specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on McDonald’s: At the Face of the Competitive Challenges in HRM specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on McDonald’s: At the Face of the Competitive Challenges in HRM specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer References Flynn, Gillian. (1996, January).McDonalds Serves Up HR Excellence, Personnel Journal, 75.1. McDonalds Company Website. (2005). Corporate Values. Retrieved March 25, 2006, from http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/values.html Vidal, J. (1997). McLibel: Burger Culture on Trial, London: Macmillan.

Why Its Dangerous to Mix Bleach With Alcohol or Acetone

Why It's Dangerous to Mix Bleach With Alcohol or Acetone Mixing chemicals can be a bad idea, particularly if one of the chemicals is bleach. You may be aware household bleach gives off dangerous fumes when mixed with bases, such as ammonia, and acids, such as vinegar, but did you know its also risky to mix it with alcohol or acetone?  Bleach reacts with alcohol or acetone to form chloroform, a chemical that could knock you out and cause organ damage. Making Chloroform: The Haloform Reaction Chloroform is an example of a haloform (CHX3, where X is a halogen). Any of the halogens can participate in the reaction, except fluorine because its intermediate is too unstable. A methyl ketone (molecule with R-CO-CH3 group) is halogenated in the presence of a base. Acetone and alcohol are two examples of compounds that can participate in the reaction. The reaction is used industrially to produce chloroform, iodoform, and bromoform (although there are other reactions better for chloroform). Historically, its one of the oldest known organic reactions. Georges-Simon Serullas made iodoform in 1822 from reacting potassium metal in a solution of ethanol (grain alcohol) and water. Phosgene Many online sources mention the production of highly toxic phosgene (COCl2) from mixing bleach with alcohol or acetone. This is a chemical with practical applications, but may be best known as a deadly chemical weapon known to have an odor of musty hay. Mixing bleach with the other chemicals doesnt produce phosgene, however, chloroform breaks down into phosgene over time. Commercially available chloroform contains a stabilizing agent to prevent this degradation, plus it is stored in dark amber bottles to reduce exposure to light, which can hasten the reaction. How Mixing Could Occur While you wouldnt put bleach in a mixed drink, you might use it to clean up a spill or use it in a cleaning project with alcohol-containing glass cleaner. Acetone is found in pure form and in some nail polish removers. The bottom line: Avoid mixing bleach with anything except water. Chloroform can also result from disinfection of water using bleach. If the water contains high enough levels of reactive impurities, haloform and other carcinogenic chemicals may be produced. What Should I Do If I Mix Them? Chloroform has a sweet smell, very unlike that of bleach. If you mix bleach with another chemical and suspect a nasty fume was produced, you should: Open a window or otherwise air out the area. Avoid breathing in the gas.Leave at once until the vapor has had time to dissipate. If you feel faint or sick, be sure  another person is aware of the situation.Make certain children, pets, and other household members avoid the area until youre sure its okay. Usually, the concentration of chemicals is low enough that the amount of toxic chemical is low. However, if youre using reagent grade chemicals, like for a lab experiment to intentionally make chloroform, exposure warrants emergency medical attention. Chloroform is a central nervous system depressant. Exposure can knock you out, while high doses can lead to coma and death. Remove yourself from the area to avoid additional exposure! Also, please keep in mind that chloroform is known to induce tumors in rats and mice. Even low exposure isnt healthy. Chloroform: Fun Fact In books and movies, criminals use chloroform-soaked rags to knock out their victims. While chloroform has been used in some real-life crimes, its actually almost impossible to knock someone out with it. About five minutes of constant inhalation is needed to cause unconsciousness.

Analysis for the article The touch screen generation Essay

Analysis for the article The touch screen generation - Essay Example She also analyzes the changing mindset of parents at the new development, who instead being skeptical, have chosen to promote their children to adept themselves to digital technology (Rosin, 2013). The article starts with the author’s visit to a digital media conference of the children game developers in California. It is clear from the opening dialogue that the app developers’ clientele are babies, which is a cause of concern to the author (Rosin, 2013). Rosin cites American Academy of Pediatrics concern over the excessive exposure of electronic media on the growing children (Rosin, 2013). The author interacts with parents to know their views on the interactive media technology. A parent who is a teacher tells her that she has proscribed rules for game playing for her children. She has fixed â€Å"no screen time,† (Rosin, 2013). The fixing of game playing times has caused her to ask many others about ground rules of playing e-games. The most shocking revelation was that the parents were willing to give not more than â€Å"half an hour a day,† (Rosin, 2013). Thus, parents seem to be worried about the effects of the new age technology (Rosin, 2013). The term â€Å"digital natives† (Rosin, 2013) coined by Marc Prensky is discussed in the context of new developments such as iPads and touch screen technological devices (Rosin, 2013). The devices have now been seen in the hands of toddlers as means to â€Å"mollify, pacify or otherwise entertain them,† (Rosin, 2013). Jane Healy has gone to the extent of calling this situation a â€Å"zombie effect,† (Rosin, 2013). However, the researchers such as Kirokorian from University of Wisconsin at Madison, are dismissive of the alarm raised. Now the experts say children have become so adapted to the medium that at the age of two children become â€Å"very cognitively active,† (Rosin, 2013). The other way of looking at this development may be that digital technology is furthering

Reflective Statement on Career Choosing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reflective Statement on Career Choosing - Essay Example Body 1. Theories of career choice and the DOTS model of career decision-making Based on the DOTs model, there are four careers education tasks which have to be accomplished by the student in order to ensure the development of opportunity awareness, self awareness, decision learning, and transition learning. Opportunity awareness refers to the assistance given to students in order to enable understanding of the world they are going to enter, the various opportunities therein, the demands that this world shall make of them, and the rewards offered (Law and Watts, 2003). Self-awareness refers to the assistance given to students in order to give them a better sense of self as individuals with unique qualities. Decision learning refers to assistance offered to students to understand the various ways in which their decisions can be made. Finally, transition learning considers the assistance given to students in order to be more aware of the skills they would need to handle transitions they need to take as grownups (Law and Watts, 2003). In terms of opportunity awareness as a future early years teacher, the DOTs model prompts me to understand the work of an early years teacher and the different opportunities open to me in that field. I also need to reflect on the professional requisites this profession has in order to permit me future entry. I would also consider the different demands that teaching in the early years would bring as well as the rewards it would likely offer. It is also appropriate for me to contemplate on alternatives to teaching or social work based on my degree. In relation to self-awareness, I especially enjoy working with children and my joy in working with them also motivates me to consider this profession in the future. Experience in my current work has also given me the chance to experience teaching children and such experience has motivated me further in contemplating teaching in the early years. In terms of transition learning, I was able to l earn during the semester about writing personal statements, as well as gaining interview skills. I was able to use these skills in taking into account what happens in assessment centres and details to indicate in application letters. 2). The professional and professionalism: Professions are those which consider the kinds of occupation which are understood to mean ‘professions.’ There may be major and minor professions or primary and secondary professions and the major professions are those which include business management, with primary professions including senior military officers, police chiefs, judges, and teachers and professors (Lester, 2007). Medicine and law are usually counted as professions as well, including architects, engineers, dentists, teachers, accountants, and veterinarians. Professionals have an implied expertise and knowledge of their professions; and he is also one who commits to the principles of the profession, as well as autonomous thought and ju dgment (Lester, 2007). Professions are also usually recognized by professional bodies as experts in some field of study or skill unique and distinct to their field of practice. Some occupations may be considered professions based on the perspective taken on the subject matter. It is not necessary for a profession to have a professional body. However, such

Quality of Primary Education in India Essay Example for Free

Quality of Primary Education in India Essay Education in India is provided by the public sector as well as the private sector, with control and funding coming from three levels: central,state, and local. Taxila was the earliest recorded centre of higher learning in India from at least 5th century BCE and it is debatable whether it could be regarded a university or not. The Nalanda University was the oldest university-system of education in the world in the modern sense of university. Western education became ingrained into Indian society with the establishment of the British Raj. Education in India falls under the control of both the Union Government and the states, with some responsibilities lying with the Union and the states having autonomy for others. The various articles of the Indian Constitution provide for education as a fundamental right. Most universities in India are controlled by the Union or the State Government. India has made progress in terms of increasing primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately two thirds of the population. [3] Indias improved education system is often cited as one of the main contributors to the economic rise of India. [4] Much of the progress, especially in higher education and scientific research, has been credited to various public institutions. The private education market in India is merely 5%[ although in terms of value is estimated to be worth $40 billion in 2008 and will increase to $68–70 billion by 2012. However, India continues to face stern challenges. Despite growing investment in education, 25% of its population is still illiterate; only 15% of Indian students reach high school, and just 7% graduate. The quality of education whether at primary or higher education is significantly poor as compared with major developing nations. As of 2008, Indias post-secondary institutions offer only enough seats for 7% of Indias college-age population, 25% of teaching positions nationwide are vacant, and 57% of college professors lack either a masters or PhD degree As of 2011, there are 1522 degree-granting engineering colleges in India with an annual student intake of 582,000, plus 1,244 polytechnics with an annual intake of 265,000. However, these institutions face shortage of faculty and concerns have been raised over the quality of education. [9] In India education system is not based on pure merit, but its based on caste based reservations. In universities/Colleges/Institutions affiliated to federal government there is minimum 50% of reservations applicable to various castes. At state level it varies. State of Andhra Pradesh has 83. 33% of reservations as on 2012 ,which is highest percentage of reservations in India. So the state is popularly known as the state that killed merit. PRIMARY EDUCATION SYSTEM IN INDIA The Indian government lays emphasis to primary education up to the age of fourteen years (referred to as Elementary Education in India. ) The Indian government has also banned child labour in order to ensure that the children do not enter unsafe working conditions. However, both free education and the ban on child labour are difficult to enforce due to economic disparity and social conditions. 80% of all recognized schools at the Elementary Stage are government run or supported, making it the largest provider of education in the Country. [pic] However, due to shortage of resources and lack of political will, this system suffers from massive gaps including high pupil to teacher ratios, shortage of infrastructure and poor levels of teacher training. Figures released by the Indian government in 2011 show that there were 5,816,673 elementary school teachers in India. As of March 2012 there were 2,127,000 secondary school teachers in India. Education has also been made free] for children for 6 to 14 years of age or up to class VIII under the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009. There have been several efforts to enhance quality made by the government. The District Education Revitalization Programme (DERP) was launched in 1994 with an aim to universalize primary education in India by reforming and vitalizing the existing primary education system. 85% of the DERP was funded by the central government and the remaining 15 percent was funded by the state The DERP, which had opened 160000 new schools including 84000 alternative education schools delivering alternative education to approximately 3. 5 million children, was also supported by UNICEF and other international programmes. This primary education scheme has also shown a high Gross Enrollment Ratio of 93–95% for the last three years in some states. Significant improvement in staffing and enrollment of girls has also been made as a part of this scheme. The current scheme for universalization of Education for All is the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan which is one of the largest education initiatives in the world. Enrollment has been enhanced, but the levels of quality remain low. CONCERNS FOR QUALITY EDUCATION As far as the provision of access and coverage is concerned, India today boasts of its educational system being the second largest in the world. It consists of nearly 610 thousand primary and 185 thousand upper primary schools, about a quarter million nonformal education centers, about 1. 87 million teachers and 110 million students study in primary classes in the recognized schools (1997-98). As per 1991 Census estimates there were about 115. 6 million children in primary school going age group in the country2. The latest educational statistics indicate a GER of 89. 7 percent for primary classes (81. 2 percent being for girls and 97. 7 percent for boys). 3 . The number of students in primary  classes in India is larger than the total population of the neighboring Bangladesh THE STATE OF QUALITY OF PRIMARY EDUCATION IN INDIA The key concern about education, in any formal educational system, of all time, has been its quality. Every stake holder, direct or indirect, of education is concerned about its quality. Guardians or parents, irrespective of their socio-economic status, want to educate their children with best quality education which would add better value to the degrees their wards acquire subject to the budget constraints. But what do we mean by ‘quality education? How this quality is being assessed? What is the status of the quality of education in India? This paper seeks to focus on these issues with respect to the quality of primary education in India. There is no universally accepted definition for ‘quality of education’. In education, perception of quality is around students (Mukhopadhyay, 2001). The performance of the students like examination results, learning achievements, ability to apply learned knowledge in practical life exhibit the quality of an education. For some, â€Å"Quality of education† means value addition in education (Feigenbaum 1951); excellence in education (Peters and Waterman 1982); for others, fitness of education outcomes and experience for use (Juran and Gryna 1988). For a society, â€Å"excellence† and â€Å"value† are most appropriate indicators for quality education. A generally accepted definition of quality education does not exist and different end users adopt different criteria for determining the quality of education. In this study we measure the quality of primary education on the basis of student learning achievement (i. e. , ability of read, write and do mathematics). PRIMARY EDUCATION :UNIVERSILITY VS QUALITY: The universal declaration of human rights (1948) considered primary education as the basic human right of all people. Accordingly, all nations prioritized universal access to education. The developed and developing countries have attained universal or near universal access to primary education. Now the focus is on the quality of student learning. The quality concern is not uniform across the nations. The developing and poor nations are still striving for expansion of educational access. It has been established that access to education and its quality are not sequential  elements. At the sub-regional meeting of South Asian Ministers in Katmandu in April 2001, quality education was unanimously identified as a priority area. All participants were in agreement that there was an urgency to develop the quality of education to meet the intermediate target and education for all by 2015. Because how well pupil are taught and how much they learn can have a crucial impact on how long they stay in school and how regularly they attend. Further whether parents send their children to school at all is likely to depend on the judgment they make about the quality of teaching and learning. Based on this perception parents decide whether attending school is worth the time and cost for their children and for themselves. The World Bank (1997) suggested that ‘the best way to improve access is to improve quality which would make coming to school or staying in school a more attractive option from the perspective of parents as well as children. Moreover, efforts to improve quality will tend to increase the efficiency of the public expenditure and will encourage parents to contribute children education’. In the year 1950, when the Constitution of India was adopted, education was recognized as a basic individual right. Directive Principles of State Policy, Article 45, states that â€Å"the state shall endeavour to provide within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years† (The Constitution of India). In line with the commitment of the country to provide elementary education to all children, educational facilities have got tremendously expanded during the post independence period, especially in primary stage. The number of primary school in India has increased from 2. 2 lakhs in 1950-51 to nearly 7 lakhs in 2004-05. In addition, there are at present nearly 3 lakhs non-formal education centres providing primary level education to out-of-school children in the age group 9 to 14. This expansion has definitely helped in making primary level education more easily accessible to a large section of children. As a result, the illiteracy rate and drop-out rate at school stage have come down. The national literacy rate has increased from 52. 21 per cent in 1991 to 64. 84 per cent in 2001. The drop-out rate has also declined from 64. 9 per cent in 1960-61 to 29 per cent in 2004-2005. Although the literacy  rates for both males and females have increased, the latter still continues to lag behind the former. However, there has been a narrowing of the male-female gap in literacy from 24. 8 percentage point in 1991 to 21. 7 percentage point in 2001(Selected Educational Statistics 2004-05). Primary education is the first stage of formal education. The main objective of quality primary education is to inculcate basic knowledge about reading, writing and arithmetic among the children. It is expected that after the successful completion of the primary level of education, a pupil should be able to read, write, and solve simple arithmetic problem. A study conducted by the Teamlease Services has revealed a very disappointing scenario of primary education in India. The study was conducted in primary schools in all the States of India (excluding Union Territories, Mizoram, Sikkim) to measure the learning achievement (quality) of students in language and mathematics. This study found that in India after completion of primary level education, 11 per cent student were not able to recognize anything, 14. 1 per cent can recognize only letters, 14. 9 per cent can read a word, 17 per cent can read a paragraph of a story and only 42. 8 per cent can read the complete story (Table 1). School Children who can read-standard-wise (IV) (in per cent) |State |Nothing |Letters |Word |One-Para of the |Complete story | | | | | |story | | |Andhra Pradesh |8. 8 |10. 5 |15. 6 |17. 7 |47. 35 | |Arunachal Pradesh |7. 2 |13. 5 |21. 6 |13. 3 |44. 4 | |Assam |10. 8 |15. 5 |20. 2 |21. 2 |32. 3 | |Bihar |14. 9 |15. 2 |12. 8 |14. 8 |42. 3 | |Goa |6 |6. 1 |12. 9 |24. 2 |56. 2 | |Gujarat |7. 2 |12. 4 |18. 9 |18. 6 |42. 9 | |Haryana |8. 5 |12. 1 |12. 7 |16. 1 |50. 7 | |Himachal Pradesh |3. 5 |14. 9 |11. 8 |14. 5 |55. 35 | |Jammu Kashmir |3. 4 |10. 2 |26. 5 |20. 8 |39. 1 | |Karnataka |5. 4 |12. 1 |17. 7 |19. 0 |45. 9 | |Kerala |3. 2 |3. 7 |10. 7 |11. 3 |71. 1 | |Madhya Pradesh |15. 7 |15. 3 |15. 5 |17. 1 |36. 5 | |Maharashtra |7 |12. 1 |13. 0 |17. 4 |50. 45 | |Manipur |10. 6 |10. 7 |18. 7 |15. 7 |44. 4 | |Meghalaya |9 |8. 9 |22. 0 |8. 9 |59. 5 | |Nagaland |3. 1 |16. 5 |21. 7 |255. 6 |33. 2 | |Orissa |12. 4 |15. 0 |13. 5 |15. 05 |44. 2 | |Punjab |8. 9 |15. 3 |15. 1 |17. 85 |42. 8 | |Rajasthan |15. 8 |13. 2 |12. 7 |14. 95 |43. 6 | |Tamil Nadu |10. 3 |11. 4 |17. 5 |17. 3 |43. 6 | |Tripura |1. 0 |7. 3 |11. 7 |16. 8 |63. 4 | |Utter Pradesh |16. 8 |19. 2 |14. 6 |14. 8 |34. 6 | |West Bengal |4. 3 |12. 3 |13. 8 |24. 6 |44. 9 | |Chhattisgarh |7. 3 |16. 0 |15. 0 |15. 5 |46. 4 | |Jharkhand |13. 8 |16. 9 |15. 5 |15. 4 |38. 5 | |Uttaranchal |6. 8 |13. 0 |11. 2 |13. 3 |55. 7 | |All India |11. 0 |14. 1 |14. 9 |17. 0 |42. 8 | Source: India Labour Report 2007 The condition of students learning achievement (quality) is extremely poor in mathematics compare to language. This study found that after the successful completion of the primary level education, 18. 6 per cent children could not recognize the numbers, 26. 7 per cent children can recognize the numbers but not able to do addition or subtraction, 23. 9 per cent children only can do subtraction, and only 30. 7 per cent children can do addition, subtraction as well as division. Table 2 contains data relating to mathematical learning achievement (quality) in all Indian states. IMPROVING QUALITY OF PRIMARY EDUCATION For improving quality, the concerned authorities need to emphasis on the following issues,Early childhood education is extremely important and must be universalized. Aelevant curriculum. Accurate assessment of learning outcomes. Participatory management of education system. Engaging local communities,. Using ICT in teaching learning process Training of teachers and administrators of ICT. ,District Institute of Education and Training (DIETs) and State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) need to be more strengthened and undergo structural changes. ,Establishment of a National Primary Education Assessment system like National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) for Higher education. ,Strengthening the teacher training institution. Reform in examination system. Proficiency in English is widely perceived as an important avenue for employment and upward knowledge, which also greatly facilitates the pursuit of higher education. English should be incorporated into the curriculum of primary schools as a language subject. CONCLUSION It appears from the empirical study that quality of primary education has been compromised for its universality in India. Operation Black Board, District Primary Education Project, National Literacy Programme, Sarvha Shiksha Abhiyan—all aim at universalizing. It is time that the nation pays heed to the quality dimension. As it has already been pointed out, quality indirectly helps in making the quantity. As a result, quality improvement programmes need to be devised for all levels—national, state and district.

Drive-by Shootings on Londons Streets :: Expository Essays Research Papers

Drive-by Shootings on London's Streets Close your eyes and sit back in your recliner. Let the cool breeze refresh you as you relax in your hardwood floored den and sip your English tea. Now picture London. What kind of an image comes to mind? Perhaps the sophisticated languages of its inhabitants or just the aura of properness that encompasses typical visions of the great city of London. I am not writing to deny the eloquence of London, I am instead writing to challenge the notion of sophistication that many of us hold true to London. Could a city of such brilliance and royalty ever fester with the day to day problems that we witness daily in our own country? I argue, yes. When one thinks of America, the thoughts tend to centralize around, "The American Dream". The truth is, the American dream is no longer an ideal that all strive to obtain. Instead the title is now a preface to a long novel of "dog eat dog". America is full of competition to reach the ideal of stability, family life, and security. It seems that the way many Americans attempt to gratify their dreams is to lie, cheat, scheme, and that is just the beginning. Lately, the petty competition has led to drugs, crime, and hideous acts of violence. Unfortunately, the trend is catching on. London, England seems to have joined in the "rat race" and the London news has the headlines to prove it. It seems that something is gone from the "old" England, or at least the way it used to be perceived. Crime in London is at an all time high and the amount of drug use and violence is soaring. Although several Americans are already well acquainted with the "date rape" drug, Royhypnol, the streets of London are now getting a dose of it as well. According to a recent issue of The London Student newspaper, the drug first came to notice in Scotland a year ago. The paper also makes many references to the previous and vigorous use of the drug in the U.S. Unfortunately, it seems that London has seen its fair share of the drug as well. The British police have already been informed of the problem and are asked to be aware of the presence of the drug along with its possible side effects. London women are being advised to watch their drink at all times and never accept a drink offered to them by a stranger.

People who do Crazy Things are not Necessarily Crazy

Every human being faces at least one affliction in his or her life that leads him or her to behave in an unusual manner. While some people obtain support from others and learn how to handle situations correctly, others fight their battles alone and find themselves committing unthinkable acts. One taking a dispositional view would allegedly reach the conclusion that those who perform these unthinkable acts must suffer from insanity. With an opposing outlook, social psychologists observe how certain individuals react to difficult circumstances and determine why particular escapades occur as a result of distinct settings. They understand that â€Å"occasionally, these natural situations become focused into pressures so great that they can cause people to behave in ways easily classifiable as abnormal† (Aronson). Humankind should strive to fathom the depth of human behavior, and simply labeling these people as psychotic only decreases the chances of doing so. Some murder trials, after examination, will prove certain individuals to be psychotic, while other proceedings linger in the mind as an obscurity. Often times, people do not want to accept the fact that not all murderers are demented. Szasz argued that we often prefer to attribute antisocial deeds to a person’s mental illness rather than to his or her intent or choice. It is difficult to accept the idea that sane people could willingly commit atrocities† (Kleinke). Thus, it remains crucial that we recognize how grievous conditions can generate one to become an eloquently volatile being. Two defined groups of individuals that account for a number of the enraged acts suggested as being â€Å"crazy† are: vulnerable persons dealing with agonizing treatment by the public and helpless minors growing up in unpleasant homes that lack affection. Considering the backgrounds of people who act deceivingly will allow society to better understand the reasons why unwanted deeds are committed and how they can be avoided. Just a few weeks ago I watched a showing on television called â€Å"Too Young to Kill: 15 Shocking Crimes† in which Eric Smith earned the second spot on the list. Smith had a full head of red hair, a face covered by red freckles to match and a thick pair of glasses for his bad eyesight. At age thirteen, this appearance never seems to be the most popular when trying to make friends. Kids continually mocked the redheaded loner and rejected his friendship. Since no one wanted to be seen spending time with the outsider, Smith exhausted most of his time bike riding in the small town he lived in. Eric Smith represents the vulnerable individual who put up with too much overwhelming treatment from his peers. Eventually, he had to cope with his anger, and he did so in a horrifying manner. One particular morning, as Smith did his routine bike ride around the town, a four year old named Derrick Robie asked his mother if he could walk alone to a summer camp that he attended just a few blocks down. Hesitantly, she agreed, only because the neighborhood was known to be exceptionally safe. Smith, riding his bicycle to the same camp, passed Robie along the way and decided to lure him into an unseen area. Smith said he saw Robie as an easy target; he knew the young boy stood defenseless. Robie was brought into a wooded area where he was brutally beaten and smashed over the head with a large rock. Smith even sodomized young Derrick by shoving a stick up his butt hole in order to stab his heart and confirm the preschooler’s death. A defense psychiatrist tried to blame the murder on Intermittent Explosive Disorder, which literally means deadly rage and anger. It is â€Å"currently categorized in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as an impulse control disorder† (Wikipedia). However, when involved in many murder case trials, one finds that â€Å"consciously or unconsciously, people who are the subject of social science research may skew results† (Levant). Since the rare disorder is seldom seen at age thirteen, jurors demanded that Smith undergo extensive medical testing. Results proved that his brain function and hormone levels were normal and had nothing to do with his sadistic behavior. A person suffering from psychosis often loses contact with reality and contains no control of his or her actions in painstaking moments. Smith confessed that he influenced naive Derrick to follow him into the woods in order to kill him in private. He knew exactly what he was doing and entirely understood the implications of his behavior. Furthermore, throughout the initial trial, he did not once apologize for killing an innocent child. Even after the crime was over with, Smith felt little remorse. It was not until the succeeding trial over a decade later that he acknowledged his wrongdoing and asked for forgiveness. Finally, he attempted to clearly answer the question that everyone had been waiting for a response to: â€Å"why did he do it? † Smith avows that he now has morals, something that he did not previously have. He asserts that no matter how minuscule an abuse situation, it all combines together to create a much larger issue for the one being bullied. Eventually, the individual will not be able to endure anymore pain and could potentially be driven to kill. Bullying can lead to a victim craving revenge and taking out anger on someone seen as less significant. Smith himself explains this behavior in his testimony by alleging that: â€Å"it is not because they’re evil or satanic little kids; it’s because they want the abuse to stop and it’s the only way they know how to. † He is aware that his actions were not a result of some form of psychosis. Instead, it was the unpleasant situation that instigated Eric Smith to act in a crazy way. Certainly he remains guilty; though, if the conditions at his school had been different, he would not have committed that terrifying crime. An even more shocking murder case than that of Eric Smith’s is the one known as â€Å"The Beltway Sniper Attacks,† which involves the juvenile known as John Lee Malvo. Fatherless throughout life, Malvo felt a strong connection at age fourteen to a man he and his mother met, John Allen Muhammad. Malvo’s mother left him with Muhammad for a long period of time until she was able to smuggle him over to Miami with her, but only as an illegal alien. Border Patrol caught them both and brought them into jail. After about a month, young Malvo was released on bail. Naturally, he longed to be in the care of the only other person he trusted: Muhammad. John Muhammad gave Malvo purpose and he even enlisted Malvo into school as his son. When Muhammad’s ex-wife, Mildred, was granted full custody of their three daughters Muhammad went berserk. Knowing that the death of his ex-wife would gain him guardianship, he thought out a plan to murder Mildred with no one suspecting him as being involved. The arrangement consisted of a killing spree that had no connection between any of the victims. This way, when the shooting of Mildred would occur, she would just be another random victim of the unknown mass murderer. Muhammad invited Malvo to participate in the homicides and told him that they could terrorize the nation together. Malvo admired Muhammad so, of course, he accepted the proposal and murdered ten innocent people as a result. Lee Boyd Malvo, holding the number one spot on the shocking crime’s list, epitomizes the deprived minor who yearns for a father figure. According to a forensic psychiatrist, Alexander E. Obolsky, the two snipers involved in the Maryland and Virginia shootings were narcissists who planned out their attacks. Malvo and Muhammad gained an emotional high from the feeling of being in charge. This conduct does not automatically indicate that the two suffer from psychosis. Obolsky affirms, â€Å"the person [the sniper] is crazy only in the sense that he does not care about people the way typical people do† (Pustovar). In agreement, forensic psychologist Dr. Neal Dunsieth insists, â€Å"the sniper might have some particular personality traits or be predisposed to strange beliefs, but I haven’t seen a lot that points to a mental illness† (Pustovar). Counselors and social workers have spent much of their time with Malvo during his nine years in prison. As reported by Carmeta Albarus-Lindo, who has absorbed over one hundred hours of her time with Malvo, Malvo has drastically turned his life around. He himself states that he habitually struggles with feelings of shame, guilt and repentance. Knowing she was just a few people away from being killed by Malvo, Mildred claims, â€Å"that boy was a victim before he even knew it. † If shot, she would have wanted the full responsibility given to her ex-husband. She fully realizes that he took complete advantage of the boy’s insecurities. Immature Malvo was just a child with a great deal of growing up to do when he first met Muhammad. Every young person needs an adult to help guide him or her through life. When growing up, people are taught that their parents know best; adolescents typically believe that this statement holds full truth. Sadly, Malvo happened to be hooked up with Muhammad as his guardian and he followed directly behind his footsteps. Lee Boyd Malvo, which is the boy’s real name, was cruelly brainwashed by the grown-up man whom he called â€Å"Father. Calling Malvo by the name of â€Å"John Lee Malvo† symbolizes the circumstances in which John Muhammad took over Lee Boyd Malvo’s essence and independence. Simply accusing all murderers of possessing some major mental disorder will in no way explain the reasoning behind numerous homicides. When assuming that all killers are psychotic, we are fundamentally â€Å"defining insanity as a label we give to people when we cannot put ourselves ourselves in their position and understand their actions† (Rosenberg). People must realize that, often times, certain motives trigger a person to kill. It is up to society to interpret the underlying incentives that are behind countless murders. It is much like Eric Smith’s attorney recently stated: â€Å"nothing will change what happened to Derrick. But maybe something can prevent what might happen to someone else’s child. † Society must study the various causes of killings and find the deeper issues behind the killer so that future outbreaks might be stopped. This is important to do so because â€Å"people who do crazy things are not necessarily crazy† (Aronson). Any human being faced with a dreadful situation risks the chance of performing a spontaneous mistake. Works Cited http://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-did-eric-kill-30-06-2005/